我們預測台灣的日射量並提供試用 預測值以網格格式顯示在地圖上 擴大您的區域,然後單擊網格以查看太陽輻射預報數據 請用作預測太陽能發電設施和太陽能電池板發電量的參考 Link: 太陽輻射 太陽能量收支 農業氣象・觀測網月資料 _cocokara_ ctime: 2020/12/21 10:11:02 Applied Meteorological Engineering Consulting Services Co.,Ltd. Former Representative Director Yoshiharu Takata From "Wind Power Generation Equipment and Lightning-Effects and Countermeasures" (Seizando Bookstore) 1. Cloud formation and types 1.1 Cloud formation A cloud is a collection of small droplets (10-20 μm in diameter) formed by condensation of atmospheric water vapor. When the air mass containing water vapor is lifted up by the upward airflow, the air pressure is lower in the air, so that the air mass expands to lower the temperature (adiabatic expansion). When it reaches a certain height, the water vapor saturates, and when it is raised further, the excess water vapor condenses. Condensation nuclei are needed to saturate water vapor and form cloud droplets. Condensation nuclei that produce low clouds include sea salt nuclei, burning nuclei, and soil nuclei. It is the updraft created by the motion of the atmosphere that lifts air up in nature. Updrafts occur in low pressures where air currents converge, near fronts, and when wind crawls up mountain slopes. When atmospheric conditions are unstable, the updraft is particularly strong and convective clouds develop. This convective cloud Is accompanied by lightning as it develops. Generally, the weather is bad when there is an updraft, and the weather is good when there is a downdraft. This updraft will cover the main moments when they occur. ① Convergent updraft If there is a low pressure or a valley of pressure, air flows in from the surrounding high pressure area, the collected air converges, and the converged airflow rises upward to about 2 cm / s. ② convective updraft The temperature of the atmosphere decreases from the lower layer to the upper layer at a fixed rate (dry insulation: 0.4 to 0.7 ° C, wet insulation: 1.0 ° C per 100m). If the air in the lower layer becomes too hot or the air in the upper layer becomes too low, the balance is lost and so-called convective ascending or descending air currents occur. Summer thunder and snow on the Sea of ??Japan side due to the winter monsoon are caused by convective updrafts. Rise due to this effect The intensity of the current is usually 1 to 5 m / s, and may exceed 10 m / s when the updraft is strong, such as above the cumulonimbus. ③ Topographic updraft When the wind hits a mountainous area, a forced updraft is created there. This effect plays a major role in the clouds on the Sea of ??Japan side in winter. When the wind speed is 5 m / S and the slope rises on a 10 ° slope, the rising component is 0.8 m / s, and when the slope is 30 °, it is 2.5 m / s. In addition, a wave called a mountain wave is generated on the leeward side, and may be accompanied by an updraft or a downdraft. ④ Frontal updraft When warm air and cold air collide, fronts and fronts are created, and cold heavy air can sink under warm light air (cold front), or light air can crawl over heavy cold air. Yes (warm front). In each case, there is a warm air updraft. 1.2 Growth from cloud droplets to raindrops Figure 1.2 compares the sizes of condensation nuclei and cloud droplets with raindrops. Compared to typical sizes, there is a difference of about 100 times between cloud droplets and raindrops. One million (106) cloud droplets form one raindrop. Since the number of cloud droplets in one liter of air is about one million (106), only one raindrop is made in one liter of air. The amount of raindrops is much higher. Collecting cloud droplets and forming raindrops requires the supply of warm and humid air and strong disturbances. Figure 1.2 Size of condensation nuclei, cloud particles, and raindrops The easiest way to see how raindrops are made in the air is to merge them while colliding. However, a theoretical calculation of the time it takes for one million droplets to collide and coalesce to form one raindrop proved to be too time-consuming. Attention was paid to the condition in which cloud particles having different saturated vapor pressures (water vapor tensions) coexist. As shown in Fig. 1.3, the saturated vapor pressure below the freezing point is found to be smaller for ice crystals than for supercooled water droplets. It has been found that ice crystals and supercooled water droplets coexist in clouds below freezing. In a cloud below the freezing point, as shown in Figure 1.3, supercooled water droplets near the ice crystal evaporate and sublime to the ice crystal, so the ice crystal grows rapidly and becomes large cloud particles . The number of ice nuclei required to form ice crystals is much smaller than that of condensation nuclei, and only a small number of selected cloud particles grow rapidly. As shown in Figure 1.5, the growing cloud droplets fall between small cloud droplets. Have been. With this alone, there will be no precipitation unless the clouds are below freezing. However, in the tropics, precipitation also occurs from clouds below freezing. The cause of this warm rain is the presence of cloud droplets of different sizes to the extent that the difference in curvature affects the saturated vapor pressure. However, the difference in the saturated vapor pressure due to the difference in size is much smaller than in the case where ice crystals and supercooled water droplets coexist, so that the growth is slow. However, clouds with strong updrafts are thought to be able to grow into raindrops because the collision and coalescence continues for a long time. Figure 1.3 Difference in saturated vapor pressure of water and supercooled water Figure 1.6 shows an example of how large the updraft grows due to collision / coalescence in a strong cloud. Assuming that an updraft of 3 m / s exists in the cumulonimbus, this is an example of how large a 20 μm-sized cloud droplet grows. The updraft in the upper part of the growing cumulonimbus can be as high as 10 m / s. Figure 1.6: Raindrop growth due to collisional coalescence in cumulonimbus clouds In this example, it is calculated that the cloud is carried upward from the cloud bottom by an updraft, rises to a height where the terminal velocity is the same as the updraft, and then falls as it grows. The result is that it grows into raindrops and is considered as a mechanism of "warm rain". The rate at which large droplets grow while merging small ones depends on how long the merging continues. The length of time that the coalescence lasts depends on the thickness of the cloud and the strength of the updraft in the cloud. Tall clouds and clouds with strong updrafts can grow into large raindrops due to continued collision and merging. A typical example is hail. The hail is frozen and falls with large growth. If the raindrops are not frozen, they will break off during the fall if they have a certain size, so that raindrops of a certain size (up to around 5 mm) will not fall. The size of the cloud or fog has a mode between 10 and 20 μm in diameter. In a convective cloud, collisions and merging repeatedly occur due to updrafts and disturbances inside the cloud, and the cloud gradually grows to the size of raindrops. 2020/12/20 9:00:00,JST 21.8,120.75,0.28,0.57,0.79,0.94,0.91,0.92,0.82,0.68,0.46,0.21,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03,0.26,0.48,0.67,0.82,0.94,0.97,0.84,0.65,0.44,0.2,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 21.8,121,0.28,0.57,0.81,0.93,0.94,0.91,0.8,0.67,0.47,0.21,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03,0.25,0.48,0.67,0.82,0.92,0.97,0.91,0.69,0.45,0.2,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 22,120.75,0.27,0.58,0.81,0.97,1.08,1,0.89,0.68,0.44,0.2,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03,0.3,0.49,0.67,0.84,1.05,0.96,0.81,0.64,0.44,0.2,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 22,121,0.28,0.57,0.81,0.94,1.01,0.9,0.82,0.65,0.45,0.2,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03,0.28,0.49,0.67,0.8,0.92,0.98,0.81,0.64,0.43,0.19,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 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24.4,121.25,0.29,0.64,0.93,1.08,0.98,0.88,0.82,0.72,0.54,0.19,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.47,0.67,0.81,0.89,0.89,0.81,0.66,0.45,0.18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.4,121.5,0.23,0.45,0.64,0.76,0.82,0.81,0.74,0.59,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.64,0.77,0.83,0.83,0.74,0.6,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.4,121.75,0.24,0.47,0.65,0.78,0.85,0.85,0.77,0.62,0.42,0.17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.24,0.48,0.67,0.82,0.89,0.88,0.79,0.63,0.42,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.4,122,0.26,0.5,0.7,0.82,0.91,0.97,0.85,0.63,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.25,0.5,0.69,0.83,0.91,0.9,0.83,0.66,0.44,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.6,120.75,0.42,0.79,1.02,1.12,1.22,1.29,1.31,1.27,0.99,0.45,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.01,0.22,0.47,0.68,0.82,0.89,0.88,0.82,0.68,0.48,0.2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.6,121,0.49,1.01,1.41,1.56,1.58,1.62,1.63,1.45,1.05,0.46,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.24,0.51,0.74,0.9,0.97,0.96,0.88,0.73,0.49,0.2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.6,121.25,0.33,0.65,0.96,1.12,1.09,1.09,1.07,0.92,0.59,0.26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.27,0.55,0.77,0.89,0.96,0.91,0.83,0.69,0.47,0.19,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 24.6,121.5,0.22,0.45,0.64,0.76,0.82,0.81,0.73,0.59,0.39,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.47,0.65,0.77,0.83,0.82,0.74,0.6,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.6,121.75,0.24,0.46,0.64,0.77,0.85,0.84,0.76,0.6,0.4,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.65,0.78,0.85,0.84,0.76,0.61,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.6,122,0.26,0.49,0.69,0.84,0.94,0.95,0.83,0.63,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.24,0.48,0.67,0.82,0.9,0.9,0.81,0.65,0.43,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.8,120.75,0.32,0.6,0.82,0.96,1.1,1.16,1.16,1.15,0.95,0.41,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.01,0.23,0.46,0.67,0.81,0.88,0.88,0.81,0.67,0.47,0.2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 24.8,121,0.36,0.71,0.94,1.08,1.18,1.26,1.26,1.19,0.92,0.4,0.01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.48,0.69,0.85,0.93,0.92,0.85,0.71,0.48,0.2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 24.8,121.25,0.27,0.56,0.77,0.9,0.96,0.99,0.99,0.87,0.57,0.26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.24,0.5,0.72,0.87,0.95,0.94,0.85,0.7,0.47,0.19,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.8,121.5,0.22,0.45,0.63,0.76,0.82,0.81,0.74,0.59,0.39,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.22,0.46,0.64,0.77,0.83,0.82,0.74,0.6,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.8,121.75,0.24,0.46,0.64,0.79,0.84,0.85,0.75,0.6,0.39,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.64,0.78,0.83,0.83,0.75,0.6,0.4,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 24.8,122,0.27,0.5,0.7,0.87,0.93,0.93,0.81,0.62,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.24,0.47,0.67,0.8,0.87,0.87,0.79,0.63,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25,121,0.29,0.55,0.76,0.93,1.06,1.15,1.07,0.96,0.72,0.31,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.47,0.65,0.8,0.86,0.85,0.78,0.64,0.44,0.18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25,121.25,0.29,0.57,0.76,0.91,1.02,1.05,0.99,0.84,0.6,0.26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.65,0.8,0.87,0.86,0.78,0.64,0.43,0.17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25,121.5,0.26,0.51,0.69,0.83,0.89,0.9,0.83,0.7,0.45,0.18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.65,0.78,0.85,0.84,0.76,0.6,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25,121.75,0.23,0.45,0.64,0.79,0.83,0.83,0.75,0.61,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.65,0.77,0.83,0.81,0.74,0.59,0.39,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25,122,0.26,0.5,0.68,0.82,0.89,0.88,0.79,0.63,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.47,0.66,0.79,0.85,0.85,0.78,0.62,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25.2,121.25,0.28,0.53,0.74,0.84,0.96,1.03,1.04,0.91,0.55,0.23,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.48,0.67,0.79,0.85,0.84,0.76,0.62,0.42,0.17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 25.2,121.5,0.27,0.53,0.73,0.86,0.92,0.96,0.91,0.76,0.49,0.19,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.45,0.65,0.78,0.83,0.82,0.75,0.61,0.4,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 25.2,121.75,0.25,0.49,0.68,0.82,0.88,0.91,0.85,0.68,0.44,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.22,0.45,0.64,0.77,0.83,0.82,0.75,0.6,0.39,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02 25.2,122,0.27,0.52,0.69,0.82,0.88,0.91,0.84,0.68,0.45,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.46,0.65,0.79,0.84,0.84,0.77,0.62,0.4,0.15,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 25.4,121.5,0.27,0.52,0.73,0.86,0.97,1.01,0.93,0.8,0.53,0.2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.02,0.23,0.48,0.68,0.8,0.85,0.84,0.76,0.61,0.41,0.16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.03 _cocomade_
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